The Role Of International Relations In Combating Hate And Discrimination Crimes In The UAE
دور العلاقات الدولية في مكافحة جرائم الكراهية والتمييز بدولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة
Abstract
The study aims to identify the role of international relations in combating hate and discrimination crimes. The researcher used the descriptive analytical approach. The study has resulted in many results, the most important of which is that hate and discrimination crimes fall into traditional crimes by their nature, in case it is committed against persons or property. But, it is linked to hatred which is directed against the victim, since the crime is committed because the victim belongs to a particular social group according to race, colour, religion, origin, etc. Therefore, such crimes violate the victim's right according to the nature of the crime, and violate the right of society because they threaten the security and safety of communities. The study results also showed that by passing the Anti-Discrimination and Hate Crimes Act in 2015, the UAE was able to achieve a legislative breakthrough nationwide. The UAE legislator criminalized contempt for religions, atonement, discrimination, sedition and strife, while not being subjected to hate crimes.
ملخص البحث
تهدف الدراسة إلى التعرف على دور العلاقات الدولية في مكافحة جرائم التمييز والكراهية، وقد استخدمت الباحثة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، حيث أسفرت الدراسة عن عدد من النتائج، أهمها أن جرائم الكراهية والتمييز تندرج ضمن الجرائم التقليدية بحكم طبيعتها، وذلك في حالة ارتكابها ضد أشخاص أو ممتلكات، ولكنها ترتبط بدافع الكراهية الموجه ضد المجني عليه، وذلك نظرًا لأن الجريمة يتم ارتكابها بسبب انتماء المجني عليه لفئة اجتماعية معينة وفقًا للعرق أو اللون أو الدين أو الأصل وما إلى ذلك، ومن ثم فإن تلك الجرائم تنتهك حق المجني عليه طبقًا لطبيعة الجريمة من ناحية، كما أنها تنتهك حق المجتمع لأنها تهدد أمن وسلامة المجتمعات، كما أثبتت نتائج الدراسة أن دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة استطاعت بإصدارها لقانون مكافحة جرائم التمييز والكراهية في عام 2015م أن تحقق سبقًا تشريعيًا على مستوى البلاد العربية، حيث قام المشرع الإماراتي من خلاله بتجريم ازدراء الأديان والتكفير والتمييز وإثارة الفتن والنعرات، في حين أنه لم يتعرض إلى جرائم الكراهية.
References
‘Adil, Khan Muhammad Rida. 2016. Jarimah Al-Tamyiz Al-‘Unsuriyy Fi Al-Qanun Al-Jaza’iriyy. Biskarah: Jami’ah Muhammad Khaydar, Kulliyyah Al-Huquq Wa Al-’Ulum Al-Siyasiyyah, Risalah Majistir.
Al-‘Afifiyy, Jamal. 1970. Mawsu‘ah Huquq Al-Insan. Al-Qahirah: Manzimah Al-‘Arabiyyah Li Huquq Al-Insan.
‘Alam, Wa’il. 2001. Himayah Huquq Al-Aqliyyat Fi Al-Qanun Al-Dawliyy Al-‘Am. Al-Qahirah: Dar Al-Nahdah Al-‘Arabiyyah.
‘Aliyy, Jamal Salamah. 2012. Tahlil Al-‘Alaqat Al-Dawliyyah: Dirasah Fi Idarah Al-Sara‘ Al-Dawliyy. Al-Qahirah: Dar Al-Nahdah Al-‘Arabiyyah.
A‘mal Al-Umam Al-Mutahaddah Fi Majal Huquq Al-Insan. 2000. Manshurat Al-Umam Al-Mutahaddah. Al-Juz’u Al-Awwal.
Azam, Zakariyya Wa Hajjaj, ‘Abd Al-Fatah. 2014. Al-‘Alaqat Al-Dawliyyah Wa Al-Atraf Al-Fa‘ilah Fi Al-Mujtama‘ Al-Dawliyy. Jami‘ah Al-Hasan Al-Awwal: Kulliyyah Al-‘Ulum Al-Qanuniyyah Wa Al-Ijtima‘iyyah, Bahth Li Nayl Al-Ijazah Fi Al-Qanun Al-‘Am, Bastat Wa Al-Ijtima‘iyyah.
Badawiyy, Muhammad Taha. 2011. Usul ‘Ilm Al-Siyasah. Al-Iskandariyyah: Al-Maktab Al-‘Arabiyy Al-Hadith.
Badawiyy, Muhammad Taha Wa Mursiyy, Layla Amin. 2011. Usul ‘Ilm Al-Siyasah. Al-Iskandariyyah: Al-Maktab Al-‘Arabiyy Al-Hadith.
Al-Balushiyy, Salwa Isma‘il Muhammad. 2019. Al-Muwajihah Al-Jina’iyyah Li Azdra’ Al-Adyan Fi Al-Qanun Al-Immaratiyy Fi Zilli Al-Marsum Raqm 2 Li Sanah 2015 Bi Sha’n Mukafahah Al-Tamayyiz Wa Al-Karahiyyah. Jami‘ah Al-Immarat Al-‘Arabiyyah Al-Mutahaddah, Risalah Majistir.
Al-Banna, Faysal Hasan Ahmad ‘Abdullah. 2021. Jarimah Itharah Khitab Al-Karahiyyah Wa Al-Jara’im Al-Muttasilah Biha: Dirasah Tahliliyyah Naqdiyyah Li Qanun Mukafahah Al-Tamyiz Wa Al-Karahiyyah Al-Immaratiyy. Al-Immarat: Akadimiyyah Shirtah Dubayy, Majallah Al-Amn Wa Al-Qanun, Mujallad 29, Al-‘Adad 1.
Bundaq, Wa’il Nur. 2005. Al-Aqliyyat Wa Huquq Al-Insan. Al-Iskandariyyah: Dar Al-Matbu‘at Al-Jami‘iyyah.
Danish, Riyad. 2015. Mukafahah Jarimah Al-Tamyiz Al-‘Unsuriyy Bayn Al-Umam Al-Mutahaddah Wa Al-Muhakkamah Al-Dawliyyah Al-Jina’iyyah. Jami‘ah Biskarah: Kulliyyah Al-Huquq, Risalah Dukturah.
Fahmiyy, Khalid Mustafa. 2012. Al-Himayah Al-Qanuniyyah Li Al-Mu‘taqidat Wa Mumarasah Li Sha‘a’ir Al-Diniyyah Wa ‘Adam Al-Tamyiz: Dirasah Muqaranah. Al-Iskandariyyah: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Jami‘iyy.
Fayiq, Muhammad. 2011. Qadiyyah Al-‘Unsuriyyah Wa Al-Mu’tamar Al-‘Alamiyy Li Mukafahah Al-‘Unsuriyyah Wa Al-Tamyiz Al-‘Unsuriyy. Al-Majallah Al-‘Arabiyyah Li Huquq Al-Insan, Al-‘Adad 8.
Al-Hajj, Sasiyy Salim. 2004. Al-Mafahim Al-Qanuniyyah Li Huquq Al-Insan ‘Ibr Al-Zaman Wa Al-Makan. Bayrut: Dar Al-Kitab Al-Jadidah Al-Mutahaddah.
Jarafah, Narjis Yusuf Zarif. 2010. Fi‘l Al-Tamayyuz Fi Al-Qanun Al-‘Unsuriyy Wa Al-Qanun Al-Dawliyy. Libiyya: Kuliyyah Al-Qanun, Jami‘ah Al-Fath, Risalah Majistir.
Jamal, Qasimiyyah. 2012. Man‘u Al-Tamyiz Fi Al-Qanun Al-Dawliyy Li Huquq Al-Insan Wa Atharuhu. Al-Qahirah: Dar Al-Jami‘ah Al-Jadidah.
Kanidil, Samirah Khalifah ‘Abdullah. 2014. Fi Al-‘Alaqat Al-Dawliyyah. Libiyya: Dar Al-Zawiyyah Li Al-Kitab, Al-Majallah Al-Libiyyah Li Al-Dirasat, Al-‘Adad 7.
Ma‘tuq, Misbah ‘Aliyy. 1989. Al-Tamyiz Al-‘Unsuriyy Wa Al-Tafarriqah Fi Nazr Al-Shari‘ah Wa Al-Qanun: Dirasah Fiqhiyyah Wa Qanuniyyah Muqaranah. Al-Sudan: Jami‘ah Umm Darman Al-Islamiyyah, Kulliyyah Al-Shari‘ah Wa Al-‘Ulum Al-Ijtima‘iyyah, Risalah Majistir.
Al-Mawminiyy, Samihah Mustafa Muhammad. 2007. Al-Tamyiz Al-‘Unsuriyy Fi Daw’i Al-‘Aqidah Al-Islamiyyah. Al-Urdun: Jami‘ah Ali Al-Bayt, Kulliyyah Al-Dirasat Al-Fiqhiyyah Wa Al-Qanuniyyah, Risalah Majistir.
Mulah, Hanan Hasan. 2020. Dawr Al-Qawanin Al-Wataniyyah Fi Al-Hadd Min Jarimah Al-Fasl Al-‘Unsuriyy Al-Dawliyyah. Al-Immarat: Kulliyyah Al-Immarat Li Al-‘Ulum Al-Tarbawiyyah, Majallah Al-Funun Wa Al-Adab Wa ‘Ulum Al-Insaniyyat Wa Al-Ijtma‘, Al-‘Adad 59.
Munjid, Manal Mirwan. 2018. Jara’im Al-Karahiyyah: Dirasah Tahliliyyah Muqaranah. Majallah Jami’ah Al-Shariqah Li Al-‘Ulum Al-Qanuniyyah. Mujallad 15, Al-‘Adad 1.
Nasr Al-Din, Muhammad. 2005. Siyasah Li Tamyiz Al-‘Unsuriyy Fi Isra’il Wa Janub Afriqiyya. Ma‘had Al-Buhuth Wa Al-Dirasat Al-‘Arabiyyah, Rsalah Majistir.
Al-Samara’iyy, Dariyy Rashid. 1983. Al-Fasl Wa Al-Tamyiz Al-‘Unsuriyy. Al-‘Iraq: Dar Al-Rashid.
Shanilih, Faransuwah Wa Akharun. 1984. Tarikh Al-Afkar Al-Siyasiyyah. Bayrut: Ma‘had Al-Inma’ Al-‘Arabiyy.
Sabah, Muhammad Subhiyy Sa‘id. 2016. Jara’im Al-Tamyiz Wa Al-Had ‘Ala Al-Karahiyyah Wa Al-‘Unf : Dirasah Muqaranah. Majallah Al-Dirasat Al-Qanuniyyah Wa Al-Iqtisadiyyah. Al-Qahirah: Jami‘ah Madinah Al-Sadat, Kulliyyah Al-Huquq, Mujallad 2, Al-‘Adad 1.
Wahban, Ahmad. N.d. Al-Sara‘at Al-‘Arqiyyah Wa Istiqrar Al-‘Alam Al-Mu‘asir. Al-Qahirah: Kutub ‘Arabiyyah.
Yaqu, Muna Yawikhna. 2010. Huquq Al-Aqliyyat Al-Qawmiyyah Fi Al-Qanun Al-Dawliyy Al-‘Am. Al-Qahirah: Dar Al-Kutub Al-Qanuniyyah.
Yusuf, Amir Farj. 2008. Mawsu‘ah Huquq Al-Insan. Al-Iskandariyyah: Dar Al-Matbu‘at Al-Jami‘iyyah.
Law and Acts
Al-Ittifaqiyyat Al-Dawliyyah Wa Al-Iqlimiyyah Allatiyy Ta‘tabir Al-Jamahiriyyah Al-‘Azmiyy Tarfan Fiha Wa Al-Muta‘alliqah Bi Huquq Al-Insan. Amanah Al-Mu’tamar Al-Sha‘b Al-‘Am. ‘Adad Khas. Al-Sanah 9.
Al-Madah (1) Min Al-Ittifaqiyyah Al-Khassah Bi Mukafahah Al-Tamyiz Fi Majal Al-Ta‘lim.
Al-Madah (2) Min Al-Ittifaqiyyah Al-Dawliyyah Li Man‘u Jarimah Al-Ibadah Al-Jama‘iyyah Wa Al-Mu‘aqabah ‘Alayha (2009). Mudawwanah Al-Tashri‘at.
Al-Mawad (1-5), (7-10), (22) Min Al-Ittifaqiyyah Al-Dawliyyah Lo Al-Qada’ ‘Ala Jami‘ Ashkal Al-Tamyiz Al-‘Unsuriyy, Al-Mulhaq Raqm (1), Safhah 157.
Internet
Dibajiyyah Al-Mithaq Fi Mawqi‘ Watha’iq Al-‘Umam Al-Mutahaddah. www.un.org/documents . Tarikh Al-Dukhul 30/7/2021.
Ittifaqiyyat Jinif Al-Arba‘ Li Sanah 1949. Mawqi‘ Maktabah Huquq Al-Insan. Jami‘ah Minniusuta. www.umm.edu/humanrs/arabic.html. Tarikh Al-Dukhul 28/7/2021.
Muhammad Al-Haydar, Hiwar Al-Adyan Wa Al-Umam Al-Mutahaddah Yattafiqan ‘Ala Nabdh Al-Karahiyyah, Mutah ‘Ala: https://www.alriyadh.com/1850384. 29 October 2020.
Al-Umam Al-Mutahaddah Huquq Al-Insan: Maktab Al-Mufawwid Al-Samiyy. Al-Ittifaqiyah Al-Dawliyyah Li Al-Qada’ ‘Ala Jami‘ Ashkal Al-Tamyiz Al-‘Unsuriyy. www.ohchr.org/ar/professionalinterest/pages/cerd.aspx. Tarikh Al-Dukhul 29/7/2021.
